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Interior Design Has Been Stolen

Uncovering the real-world consequences of unequal regulation on design safety and careers through data-driven investigations.

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The Mission

Measuring Advancement with Facts.

The Green Tape Measure is a volunteer-run North Carolina nonprofit corporation on a mission to champion the next generation of interior designers. By providing objective data, research, and educational resources to the public, we are expanding career paths and protecting public safety — ensuring the profession is recognized, regulated, and respected.

Research.

Educate.

Advance.

Founding

Grounded in Teaching.

The Green Tape Measure was initially conceptualized in 2025 as a platform expanding professional educational services. However, after encountering systemic career, wage parity, and leadership barriers — and hearing from countless designers struggling with the same obstacles — our founder realized the industry needed a broader solution. Today, GTM has transformed into an independent, community-driven nonprofit foundation dedicated to delivering evidence-based research and advocacy for the public good.

Watch the video to learn more about our founder's experiences.

Funding

Transparent Operations.

Future Funding Structure

50% Membership Tiers

Optional perks and exclusive content.

30% Donations

One-time and reoccurring contributions.

10% Research Grants

Long-term industry studies to guide the profession and legislation.

10% Merchandise

Clothing, pens, keychains, pins, and Scrib plushies.

Current Campaign

Help Launch The Green Tape Measure

As we are currently only funded by donations, we need YOUR help. Support GTM's 501(c)(3) non-profit conversion with a donation today.

Donor Benefits
Donate Now*

*Contributions are not currently tax-deductible while we finalize our 501(c)(3) transition. Interested in sponsoring us now? Reach out to see how you can get involved. Thank you for championing our mission!

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Knowledge Check

Design Roles IQ

Test your industry knowledge. Tap the job title then tap its corresponding definition.

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1

Drag job titles from the right panel.

2

Drop them into the matching definition boxes.

3

Green = correct, Red = try again!

A licensed architect who practices interior design.

Designs interiors that are safe and functional.

Designs buildings. Requires a license.

Furnishes a space with fashionable or attractive items.

See our sources

BLS. Outlook Handbook: Architects. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2025). Available at: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/architects.htm (Accessed 27 September 2025).

BLS. Occupational Outlook Handbook: Interior Designers. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2025). Available at: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/arts-and-design/interior-designers.htm (Accessed 27 September 2025).

CCIDC. Why is it Illegal to Use the Title "Interior Architect". CCIDC (2025). Available at: https://ccidc.org/using-the-title-interior-architect-is-illegal (Accessed 27 September 2025).

CIDQ. What Is Interior Design?. Council for Interior Design Qualification (2026). Available at: https://www.cidq.org/about-cidq/what-is-interior-design/ (Accessed 26 May 2026).

NCARB. Why Architecture. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://www.ncarb.org/become-architect/why-architecture (Accessed 27 September 2025).

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Archive Logs

Industry Regulation: Evolution & Impact

Regulation is often a reactive response to historical events, frequently shaped by industry politics and territorial disputes.

Scroll or swipe to see the next or previous event.

AIA

The American Institute of Architects is formed.

Sources

NCARB. The Need for Regulation: The Rise of Professions. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://centennial.ncarb.org/beginning-of-licensure (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1857

Architecture Regulation

Illinois is the first state to regulate architecture.

Sources

NCARB. The Need for Regulation: The First License Law. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://centennial.ncarb.org/beginning-of-licensure (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1897

Theater Fire

Theater fire kills 602 due to flammable finishes & poor egress.

Sources

Massasoit Community College. Major American Fires: Iroquois Theater Fire - 1903. Massasoit Community College (2017). Available at: https://library.massasoit.edu/americanfires/iroquois (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Uenuma, Francine. The Iroquois Theater Disaster Killed Hundreds andChanged Fire Safety Forever. Smithsonian Magazine, 12 June 2018. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-theater-blaze-killed-hundreds-forever-changed-way-we-approach-fire-safety-180969315/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1903

Factory Fire

A factory fire kills 146, mostly due to poor egress.

Sources

AFL-CIO. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. AFL-CIO (2025). Available at: https://aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-events/triangle-shirtwaist-fire (Accessed 27 September 2025).

History.com Editors. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. History.com, 2 Dec. 2009. Available at: https://www.history.com/articles/triangle-shirtwaist-fire (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1911

NCARB

The National Council of Architectural Registration Board (NCARB) is formed.

Sources

NCARB. History of NCARB. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://www.ncarb.org/about/history-ncarb (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1919

AIID

American Institute of Interior Decorators is formed.

Sources

ASID. A History of the American Society of Interior Designers. ASID (2025). Available at: https://www.asid.org/50years (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1931

NAAB

National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) is formed.

Sources

NAAB. Our History: Why Accreditation?. NAAB (2025). Available at: https://www.naab.org/who-we-are/our-history (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1940

NSID

National Society of Interior Designers (NSID) is formed.

Sources

ASID. A History of the American Society of Interior Designers. ASID (2025). Available at: https://www.asid.org/50years (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1957

FIDER / CIDA

FIDER, now called CIDA, the Council for Interior Design Accreditation, is formed.

Sources

CIDA. Our Story. Council for Interior Design Accreditation (2025). Available at: https://cida.org/cida-history (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1970

CIDQ

CIDQ (Council for Interior Design Qualification) is formed.

Sources

LinkedIn. CIDQ. LinkedIn (2026). Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/company/cidq (Accessed 05 May 2026).

1974

ASID

ASID (American Society of Interior Designers) is formed.

Sources

ASID. A History of the American Society of Interior Designers. ASID (2025). Available at: https://www.asid.org/50years (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1975

Hotel Fire

Hotel fire kills 85 due to toxic smoke from interior finishes and lack of sprinklers.

Sources

Best, Richard, and Demers, David P. Investigation Report on the MGM Grand Hotel Fire. National Fire Protection Association, 15 Jan. 1982. https://www.firefighternation.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lasvegasmgmgrand.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Jensen Hughes. How the MGM Grand Fire Changed Fire Codes + Standards. Jensen Hughes 19 Nov. 2021. Available at: https://www.jensenhughes.com/insights/how-the-mgm-grand-fire-changed-fire-codes-standards (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1980

Interior Design Regulation

Alabama is the first state to pass interior design regulation.

Sources

IIDA Alabama Chapter. Advocacy & Legislation. IIDA Alabama Chapter (2025). Available at: https://www.iida-al.org/resources/advocacy-legislation (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1982

Architecture Opposition

Architects openly oppose interior design legislation.

Sources

Gillman, Todd J. Architects Fight D.C. Law Licensing Interior Designers. The Washington Post, 23 Aug. 1987. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1987/08/24/architects-fight-dc-law-licensing-interior-designers/b4afb5fa-aa7e-4b59-9536-3fd85ecd9963 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1987

National Accord

National Accord established, placing restrictions on interior designers for AIA support.

Sources

Whitney, Marilyn Corson. A History of the Professionalization of Interior Design. Virginia Tech VTechWorks, 18 Aug. 2008. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/75802a53-f826-4e1b-9e44-1afa7c02bd4f/content#page=92 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1989

IIDA

IIDA (International Interior Design Association) is formed.

Sources

Our Story. IIDA (2025). Available at: https://iida.org/about/our-story (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1994

Accord Ends

ASID votes to no longer honor the Accord.

Sources

AIA Las Vegas. Interior Designers Abandon 1989 Accord. Forum, July 2000. Available at: https://usmodernist.org/AIANV/AIALV-1999-07.pdf#page=3 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1999

Nightclub Fire

Nightclub fire kills 100 due to rapid fire spread and toxic fumes from interior finishes.

Sources

FSRI. Remembering The Station Nightclub Fire: Twenty Years Later. UL Research Institutes, 20 Feb. 2023. Available at: https://fsri.org/news/remembering-station-nightclub-fire-twenty-years-later (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NIST. Disaster & Failure Studies: The Station Nightclub Fire 2003. NIST 3 June 2011. Available at: https://www.nist.gov/disaster-failure-studies/station-nightclub-fire-2003 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

2003

Freedom of Speech

Regulation of the title “Interior Designer” is ruled unconstitutional.

Sources

Institute for Justice. Connecticut Interior Design: Challenging Connecticut's Licensing of Speech for Interior Designers. Institute for Justice (2008). Available at: https://ij.org/case/susan-roberts-v-jerry-farrell (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Institute for Justice. Texas Interior Design: Challenging Texas' Licensing of Speech for Interior Designers. Institute for Justice (2007). Available at: https://ij.org/case/byrum-et-al-v-landreth-et-al-2/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

FindLaw. Eva Locke v. Joyce Shore. FindLaw (2011). Available at: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us-11th-circuit/1557399.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

ASID FLS. Response to Interior Design Deregulation. American Society of Interior Designers: Florida South (2025). Available at: https://fls.asid.org/resources/advocacy/response-to-interior-design-deregulation (Accessed 27 September 2025).

2009

Architects Join ASID

ASID allows licensed architects to join as practitioner members.

Sources

ASID. Frequently Asked Questions: Why is ASID including architects in its membership structure?. American Society of Interior Designers (2025). Available at: https://www.asid.org/frequently_asked_questions/frequently_asked_questions (Accessed 27 September 2025).

2013

Apartment Fire

Apartment fire kills 13 due to lack of self-closing doors and oil-based paint.

Sources

Daly, Michael. Bronx Building's Oil-Based Paint Made it Burn Like 'Gasoline'. Daily Beast, 29 Dec. 2017. Available at: https://www.thedailybeast.com/bronx-buildings-oil-based-paint-made-it-burn-like-gasoline (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Sullivan, C.J. 12 dead after fire sweeps through Bronx apartment building. New York Post, 28 Dec. 2017. Available at: https://nypost.com/2017/12/28/multiple-people-seriously-injured-as-fire-rips-through-bronx-building/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

2017

AIA Chapters Update

AIA no longer mandates its chapters to outright oppose interior design regulation.

Sources

CIDQ. AIA Revises Interior Design Opposition Position Statement. Council for Interior Design Qualification, 17 Jan. 2022. Available at: https://www.cidq.org/2022/01/17/aia-revises-interior-design-opposition-position-statement/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

2021

Consortium Formed

ASID, IIDA, and CIDQ form the Consortium for Interior Design.

Sources

ASID. ASID, CIDQ, and IIDA Announce Consortium for Interior Design: Advocating for Public Health, Safety, and Well-being. ASID, 29 Mar. 2023. Available at: https://www.asid.org/news/asid-cidq-and-iida-announce-consortium-for-interior-design-advocating-for-public-health-safety-and-well-being (Accessed 27 September 2025).

2023

“Reasonable” Regulation

ASID, IIDA, and CIDQ announce “reasonable” regulation.

Sources

ASID. The Importance of Interior Design. ASID (2025). Available at: https://www.asid.org/lib24watch/files/pdf/8572 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

CIDQ. Advocacy. Council for Interior Design Qualification (2025). Available at: https://www.cidq.org/advocacy (Accessed 27 September 2025).

IIDA. Advocacy: About. IIDA (2025). Available at: https://iida.org/advocacy (Accessed 27 September 2025).

The Consortium for Interior Design (2025). Available at: https://consortiumforinteriordesign.splashthat.com/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

CIDQ. Announcing the Consortium for Interior Design. CIDQ, 27 Mar 2023. Available at: https://www.cidq.org/2023/03/27/announcing-the-consortium-for-interior-design/ (Accessed 26 May 2026).

today

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Industry Insights

Data. Analysis. Results.

Research is GTM's foundation. We analyze controversial industry questions and heated topics objectively, providing all data and sources so you can draw your own conclusions.

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July 2025

Fire, Design, and Liability

Yes, interior design can kill. Here is an analysis of 42 examples and counting.

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July 2025

Interiors (De)regulated

An overview of interior design legislation since the 1980s and current bills in each state.

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September 2025

Arch vs Interiors

Different education. Different exams. Different Professions.

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HSW in Action

Our Legislative Voice.

We advocate for inclusive and data-supported regulation that elevates the profession and protects the public.

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April 2026

What Our Current Data Supports

Inclusive Pathways

Create diverse licensing tracks, including non-degree options and exams tailored to specific practice areas like residential or commercial design.

Professional Parity

Establish independent or equal-representation boards and implement mandatory, non-voluntary licensing for all interior design practitioners.

Title Protection

Secure exclusive use of "Interior Designer" and "Licensed Interior Designer" while restricting "Interior Architect" and mandating "Licensed Architect" for architectural professionals.

Expanded Authority

Grant designers full permitting privileges without restrictions, including on square footage, occupancy, construction scope, and hiring and coordination of professions.

April 2026

California AB 1796

Full bill text

Voluntary Title Act

Unequal Board & Titles

No Clear Path for CIDs

Misleading Statistics

Public is not protected

Vague scope language

Our position statement

March 2026

ICOR Practice Overlap

ICOR Document
Group 1

Authority gaps on contracts & project management

Group 2

Definitions narrower than actual practice

Group 3

"No scope distinction" and "plan"/"collaborate" language subordinates designers

Founder's Feedback to CIDQ

April 2026

Missouri SB 1233

Full bill text

Voluntary Title Act

Unequal Board

Practice Restrictions

Public is not protected

Vague scope language

Our position statement

April 2026

Tennessee SB 2224

Full bill text

Voluntary Title Act

Eliminates Voluntary Licensing

Public is not protected

Our position statement

April 2026

Alaska HB 314

Full bill text

Voluntary Title Act

Unequal Board & Titles

Vague scope language

Public is not protected

Our position statement

April 2026

South Carolina H5010

Full bill text

Voluntary Title Act

Unequal Board & Titles

Practice Restrictions

Vague scope language

Public is not protected

Our position statement
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Help Us Grow

Shape the Future of Interior Design.

Advocacy doesn't happen without a community. Donate or sign up to volunteer as we transition into a full-scale non-profit powerhouse.

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Volunteer Benefits

Leadership

Help build the organization.

Growth

Develop skills in your passion area.

Community

Celebrate milestones at exclusive events.

Donor Benefits

Donor Spotlight ($1,000+)

Be featured on our website and social media.

Impact Reporting

Quarterly updates on your donation's impact.

Future Tax Benefits

After we transition to a non-profit, your future donations will be tax-deductible.

Current Campaign

Help Launch The Green Tape Measure

Let's become a 501(c)(3) non-profit!

Donate Now*

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42 Building Fires

Across 5 Commercial Building Types

Residential

16 Fires

Hotels, Motels, Apartments

Assembly

9 Fires

Theaters, Clubs, Restaurants

Education

7 Fires

K-12 Grade Schools

Institutional

6 Fires

Hospitals, Clinics, Nursing Homes

Factory

4 Fires

Industry, Factories, Plants

a monochrome green graph showing 6 slices, one for each space type

3,636 Deaths

Across 5 Commercial Building Types

Residential

692 Deaths

Hotels, Motels, Apartments

Assembly

1,872 Deaths

Theaters, Clubs, Restaurants

Education

442 Deaths

K-12 Grade Schools

Institutional

404 Deaths

Hospitals, Clinics, Nursing Homes

Factory

226 Deaths

Industry, Factories, Plants

a monochrome green bar graph showing 1 bar for number of deaths for each decade

From 1900 to 2025

Since architecture regulation started

1900-1939

1900's — 946 deaths

1910's — 226 deaths

1920's — 282 deaths

1930's — 34 deaths

1940-1979

1940's — 1,010 deaths

1950's — 247 deaths

1960's — 135 deaths

1970's — 214 deaths

1980-2025

1980's — 264 deaths

1990's — 112 deaths

2000's — 100 deaths

2010's — 49 deaths

2020's — 17 deaths

a monochrome green venn diagram showing circles for each combination of 3 causes of fires

All Fires Were Due To

Improperly Designed Interiors

One Reason

8 Fires

Egress — inward opening doors, locked exits, overcrowding, missing exit signage, not enough exits

3 Fires

Interior Materials — flammable or toxic wallcoverings, paint, curtains, decorations, x-ray film, wood finishes

3 Fires

Fire Suppression or Alarms — no sprinklers, missing or faulty alarms

Two Reasons

11 Fires

Interior Materials — combustible or toxic finishes, furniture, & construction

Fire Suppression or Alarms — no or malfunctioning alarm system, no sprinklers

10 Fires

Egress — unclear exits, locked doors, blocked exits, narrow exits, not enough exits, inward swinging doors, overcrowding, missing exit signage, no emergency lighting, open stairway

Interior Materials — combustible, flammable, or toxic finishes, furniture, and decorations; wood construction

5 Fires

Egress — no fire doors, not enough exits, open stairway, unclear egress, narrow exits, locked or blocked exits

Fire Suppression or Alarms — no sprinklers, inaccessible or insufficient fire extinguishers, inadequate or missing alarms

Three Reasons

2 Fires

Egress — overcrowding, blocked exits, no fire walls

Fire Suppression or Alarms — no sprinklers, no alarms

Interior Materials — combustible interior finishes

a monochrome green venn diagram showing circles for each combination of 3 causes of deaths

All Deaths Were Due To

Improperly Designed Interiors

One Reason

516 Deaths

Egress — inward opening doors, locked exits, overcrowding, missing exit signage, not enough exits

179 Deaths

Interior Materials — flammable or toxic wallcoverings, paint, curtains, decorations, x-ray film, wood finishes

61 Deaths

Fire Suppression or Alarms — no sprinklers, missing or faulty alarms

Two Reasons

1,723 Deaths

Egress — unclear exits, locked doors, blocked exits, narrow exits, not enough exits, inward swinging doors, overcrowding, missing exit signage, no emergency lighting, open stairway

Interior Materials — combustible, flammable, or toxic finishes, furniture, and decorations; wood construction

674 Deaths

Interior Materials — combustible or toxic finishes, furniture, & construction

Fire Suppression or Alarms — no or malfunctioning alarm system, no sprinklers

231 Deaths

Egress — no fire doors, not enough exits, open stairway, unclear egress, narrow exits, locked or blocked exits

Fire Suppression or Alarms — no sprinklers, inaccessible or insufficient fire extinguishers, inadequate or missing alarms

Three Reasons

252 Deaths

Egress — overcrowding, blocked exits, no fire walls

Fire Suppression or Alarms — no sprinklers, no alarms

Interior Materials — combustible interior finishes

a monochrome pyramid diagram showing proportions of 3 reasons blamed for the fires

Three Excuses

What was Blamed for the Fires

Enforcement

21 Fires

City missed or overlooked code violations in buildings.

Building Codes

20 Fires

Building allowed to use outdated building codes or the codes themselves needed improvement.

Architect

1 Fire

NOTE: Everyone involved in the project AND lack of enforcement were blamed.

a monochrome pyramid diagram showing proportions of 3 reasons blamed for the fires

Three Excuses

What was Blamed for the Deaths

Enforcement

2,432 Deaths

City missed or overlooked code violations in buildings.

Building Codes

1,178 Deaths

Building allowed to use outdated building codes or the codes themselves needed improvement.

Architect

6 Deaths

NOTE: Everyone involved in the project AND lack of enforcement were blamed.

Our Sources

Links to sources for each fire

Tap a decade to get started

1900s
Iroquois Theater Fire

Massasoit Community College. Major American Fires: Iroquois Theater Fire-1903. Massasoit Community College (2017). Available at: https://library.massasoit.edu/americanfires/iroquois (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Uenuma, Francine. The Iroquois Theater Disaster Killed Hundreds and Changed Fire Safety Forever. Smithsonian Magazine, 12 June 2018. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-theater-blaze-killed-hundreds-forever-changed-way-we-approach-fire-safety-180969315/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Rhoads Opera House Fire

Pearson, Samantha. Trapped in the Third Act: The Rhoads Opera House Fire, Boyertown 1908. Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2010. Available at: https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/trapped-third-act-rhoads-opera-house-fire (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Roeder, Larry. Rhoads Opera House Fire.Town and Country, 17 Jan. 2023. Available at: https://upvnews.com/news/article.ashx?article=26438 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Collinwood School Fire

Case Western Reserve University. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: Collinwood School Fire. Case Western Reserve University (2025). Available at: https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/collinwood-school-fire (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Fearing, Heidi. Collinwood School Fire.Cleveland Historical, 12 Jan. 2012. Available at: https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/394 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1910s
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

AFL_CIO. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. AFL-CIO America's Unions (2025). Available at: https://aflcio.org/about/history/labor-history-events/triangle-shirtwaist-fire (Accessed 27 September 2025).

HISTORY.com Editors. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. HISTORY, 02 Dec. 2009. Available at: https://www.history.com/articles/triangle-shirtwaist-fire (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Arcadia Hotel Fire

lornajarrettblanchard. 1913 - Dec 2,Fire, Arcadia Boarding House ("Hotel"/Flop House), Boston, MA - 28. Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events, 2 Dec 2013. Available at: https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1913-dec-2-fire-arcadia-boarding-house-hotelflop-house-boston-ma-28/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Maloney, Robert. Arcadia Hotel Fire, 1913: “All Was Over in 10 Minutes”. Fire Engineering, 4 Dec. 2015. Available at: https://www.fireengineering.com/firefighting/arcadia-hotel-fire-1913-all-was-over-in-10-minutes/ (Accessed 28 May 2026).

Binghamton Factory Fire

Plati, Joe. 22 Jul On This Day In History: 1913 Binghamton Factory Fire Most Disastrous In City's History. TERPconsulting fire + life safety, (2025). Available at: https://terpconsulting.com/on-this-day-in-history-1913-binghamton-factory-fire-most-disastrous-in-citys-history/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Venuti, Emily. Remembering the Binghamton Clothing Company Fire on the 108th anniversary. Binghampton Homepage.com, 22 July 2021. Available at: https://www.binghamtonhomepage.com/news/remembering-the-binghamton-clothing-company-fire-on-the-108th-anniversary/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

St. John's School Fire

ISFI 2016 - Fire Investigation Science. St. John's School Fire - October 28, 1915. National Association of Fire Investigators, 13 Oct. 2017. Available at: https://www.nafi.org/blog/st-johns-school-fire-october-28-1915/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1920s
Cleveland School Fire

Kershaw County Chamber of Commerce. Cleveland School Monument. Kershaw County Chamber of Commerce (2025). Available at: https://www.kershawcountychamber.org/cleveland-school-monument/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

South Carolina State Firefighters' Association. History: The Cleveland School Fire of 1923. South Carolina State Firefighters' Association, 12 May 2015. Available at: https://scfirefighters.org/firewire/the-cleveland-school-fire-of-1923/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Hope Development School Fire

Gnerre, Sam. South Bay history: 1924 fire at Playa del Rey care facility led to reforms. Daily Breeze, 16 Jan. 2023. Available at: https://www.dailybreeze.com/2023/01/16/south-bay-history-1924-fire-at-playa-del-rey-care-facility-led-to-reforms/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Harrison, Scott. From the Archives: Fire kills 24 at Hope Development School. Los Angeles Times, 29 May 2019. Available at: https://www.latimes.com/visuals/photography/la-me-fw-archives-fire-kills-twenty-four-at-hope-development-school-20190529-htmlstory.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Special to The New York Times. 23 BURN TO DEATH IN CALIFORNIA HOME FOR DEFICIENT GIRLS; Wooden Building, With All Doors Locked, Traps Victims, Nearly All Children. The New York Times, 2 June 1924. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1924/06/02/archives/23-burn-to-death-in-california-home-for-deficient-girls-wooden.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Babbs Switch Fire

King, Adam. Remembering the Babbs Switch fire 100 years later: How it reshaped building and fire code. FOX25, 23 Dec. 2024. Available at: https://okcfox.com/news/local/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Sanger Lillie-Beth. Fatal Fire 70 Years Ago Still Haunts Babbs Survivors. The Oklahoman, 24 Dec. 1994. Available at: https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/1994/12/24/fatal-fire-70-years-ago-still-haunts-babbs-survivors/62404780007/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Cleveland Clinic Fire

Case Western Reserve University. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: Cleveland Clinic Disaster. Case Western Reserve University (2025). Available at: https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-clinic-disaster (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Clifton, Brad. The Cleveland Clinic X-Ray Fire of 1929. Cleveland Historical, 5 Feb. 2013. Available at: https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/573 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Study Club fire

Google news. Sixteen Killed; Fifty Injured as Detroit Night Club Burns. The Free Lance-Star, 19 Sept. 1929. Available at: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19290919&id=laIwAAAAIBAJ&pg=6686,4748238 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

lornajarrettblanchard. 1929 - Sep 20, Fire, Study Club Dance Hall, 65 East Vernor Highway, Detroit, MI - 22. Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events (2025). Available at: https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1929-sep-20-fire-study-club-dance-hall-65-east-vernor-highway-detroit-mi-22/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1930s
Kerns Hotel Fire

Jaworowski, Matt. Looking back: How the Kerns Hotel fire shook Lansing, Michigan's Legislature. WOODTV.COM, 11 Dec. 2022. Available at: https://www.woodtv.com/news/michigan/looking-back-how-a-devastating-hotel-fire-flipped-control-in-lansing/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Lykens Fire. Kern Hotel Fire. Liberty Hose Company No. 2 (2025). Available at: https://lykensfire.com/incidents.php?o.350 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

The Daily Illini. Fatalities From Hotel Fire Expected to Total 40; List Of Known Dead Includes 14. University of Illinois, 12 Dec. 1934. Available at: https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/?a=d&d=DIL19341212.2.5&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------- (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1940s
Rhythm Club Fire

Cox, Karen L. 'The Rhythm Club Is On Fire!': Tragedy Devastated Young Black Natchez in 1940. Mississippi Free Press, 21 April 2023. Available at: https://www.mississippifreepress.org/rhythm-night-club-fire-natchez-1940/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Hensler, Bruce. Remembering the deadly Rhythm Club fire. FireRescue1, 22 April 2020. Available at: https://www.firerescue1.com/history/articles/80-years-later-remembering-the-deadly-rhythm-club-fire-s8ENhlJQsyjB6qIh/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Massasoit Community College. Major American Fires: Rhythm Club Fire-1940. Massasoit Community College (2017). Available at: https://library.massasoit.edu/americanfires/rhythmclub (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Cocoanut Grove Fire

Boston Fire Historical Society. The Story of the Cocoanut Grove Fire. Boston Fire Historical Society Official Website (2025). Available at: https://bostonfirehistory.org/the-story-of-the-cocoanut-grove-fire/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Fleming, Daniel J. The Cocoanut Grove Revisited. National Archives, Fall 2017. Available at: https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/fall/cocoanut-grove (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Gulf Hotel Fire

Arnold, Robert. Remembering the victims of Houston's deadliest fire. KPRC Click2Houston.com, 2018. Available at: https://www.click2houston.com/news/2018/08/29/remembering-the-victims-of-houstons-deadliest-fire/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers. The Cocoanut Grove Revisited. 1943 Gulf Hotel fire disaster. Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers (2025). Available at: https://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/629052 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Winecoff Hotel Fire

Georgia Historical Society. The Winecoff Fire. Georgia Historical Society (2025). Available at: https://www.georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/the-winecoff-fire/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Massasoit Community College. Major American Fires: Winecoff Hotel Fire-1946. Massasoit Community College (2017). Available at: https://library.massasoit.edu/americanfires/winecoff (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Williams, Dave E. The Winecoff Fire - 50 Years Later. Firehouse, 1 Dec. 1996. Available at: https://www.firehouse.com/operations-training/article/10545550/the-winecoff-fire-50-years-later (Accessed 27 September 2025).

LaSalle Hotel Fire

Ancestry. Disaster | Accident: LaSalle Hotel Fire. Ancestry (2025). Available at: https://www.ancestry.com/historical-insights/disaster/accident/lasalle-hotel-fire (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Grossman, Ron. Fire at the LaSalle Hotel. Chicago Tribune, 11 May 2019. Available at: https://www.chicagotribune.com/2016/06/05/fire-at-the-lasalle-hotel-in-1946-exposed-safety-hazards/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NFFF. Memorial Monday — LaSalle Hotel Fire Kills 60 Civilians and 1 Firefighter in Chicago. National Fallen Firefighters Association, 24 June 2024. Available at: https://www.firehero.org/2024/06/24/memorial-monday-lasalle-hotel-fire/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

St. Anthony's Hospital Fire

Groves, Adam. St. Anthony's Hospital Fire: Introduction. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign LibGuides, 6 May 2025. Available at: https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=416856&p=2840529 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

HSHS. Patient Stories: 1949. HSHS St. Anthony's Memorial Hospital (2025). Available at: https://www.hshs.org/st-anthonys/patient-stories/1949 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1950s
Genesis Health System St. Elizabeth's Fire

Bales, Kyle. Remembering the deadliest disaster in QC history 74 years later. KWQC A Gray Local Media Station, 5 Feb. 2024. Available at: https://www.kwqc.com/2024/02/05/remembering-deadliest-disaster-qc-history-74-years-later/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Welvaert, Todd. MercyOne Genesis observes 75th anniversary of the St. Elizabeth Hospital fire. Quad Cities Regional Business Journal, 7 Jan. 2025. Available at: https://quadcitiesbusiness.com/mercyone-genesis-observes-75th-anniversary-of-the-st-elizabeth-hospital-fire/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Cleveland Hill School District Fire

Klein, Jeff Z. Heritage Moments: For those lost in the Cleveland Hill School fire, the bell tolls 15 times. Buffalo Toronto Public Media, 26 Mar. 2018. Available at: https://www.btpm.org/heritage-moments/2018-03-26/heritage-moments-for-those-lost-in-the-cleveland-hill-school-fire-the-bell-tolls-15-times (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Special to The New York Times. 10 Pupils Burned to Death in School Near Buffalo; 10 PUPILS KILLED IN SCHOOL BLAZE. The New York Times, 1 April 1954. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1954/04/01/archives/10-pupils-burned-to-death-in-school-near-buffalo-10-pupils-killed.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Warrenton / Katie Jane Nursing Home Fire

Firefighter Close Calls. Firefighter History 2/17. Firefighter Close Calls, 17 Feb. 2024. Available at: https://www.firefighterclosecalls.com/firefighter-history-2-17-6/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

WCHS. 72 Katie Jane residents die in “15-minute holocaust” in nation's worst nursing home fire. Warren County Historical Society, 22 Aug. 2022. Available at: https://warrencountymohistory.com/72-katie-jane-residents-die-in-15-minute-holocaust-in-nations-worst-nursing-home-fire/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Our Lady of the Angels School Fire

Hensler, Bruce. A failure of imagination: The Our Lady of the Angels School Tragedy. FireRescue1, 1 Dec. 2023. Available at: https://www.firerescue1.com/firefighting-history/a-failure-of-imagination-the-our-lady-of-the-angels-school-tragedy (Accessed 27 September 2025).

WTTW. Angels Too Soon: The Tragedy of the 1958 Our Lady of the Angels School Fire. WTTW (2025). Available at: https://www.wttw.com/chicago-stories/angels-too-soon/angels-too-soon-the-tragedy-of-the-1958-our-lady-of-the-angels-school-fire (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Monarch Underwear Company

Cornell University. Fire at Monarch garment shop. Remembering the 1911 Triangle Factory Fire, Cornell University (2018). Available at: https://trianglefire.ilr.cornell.edu/supplemental/timeline/pages/monarch.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1960s
Surfside Hotel Fire

lornajarrettblanchard. 1963 - Nov 18, Fire, Surfside Hotel (winter-months elderly home), Atlantic City, NJ - 25. Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events (2025). Available at: https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1963-nov-18-fire-surfside-hotel-winter-months-elderly-home-atlantic-city-nj-25/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Golden Age Nursing Home Fire

Centers, Joe. Remembering the 1963 Fitchville nursing home fire. Norwalk Reflector, 20 Nov. 2023. Available at: https://norwalkreflector.com/news/491353/remembering-the-1963-fitchville-nursing-home-fire/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Seewer, John. JFK's death overshadowed Ohio nursing home fire. USA Today, 22 Nov. 2013. Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/11/22/jfks-death-overshadowed-ohio-nursing-home-fire/3682721/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Hotel Roosevelt Fire

Marbut, Max. 50 years ago: Judge absolves city of liability in deadly Roosevelt Hotel fire Jacksonville Daily Record, 9 May 2016. Available at: https://www.jaxdailyrecord.com/news/2016/may/09/50-years-ago-judge-absolves-city-liability-deadly-roosevelt-hotel-fire/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Richards, Mathew. On This Day: Fire at Roosevelt Hotel in 1963 Claims 22 Lives. MyFloridaNews, 29 Dec. 2024. Available at: https://www.myfloridanews.com/news/on-this-day-fire-at-roosevelt-hotel-in-1963-claims-22-lives/article_a9feae0a-ab4a-5df0-82a3-2aa513555aba.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Dale's Penthouse Fire

Harper, Brad. 50 years later: High-rise fire echoes through time. Montgomery Advertiser, 6 Feb. 2017. Available at: https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2017/02/06/50-years-later-high-rise-fire-echoes-through-time/97558816/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

WSFA 12 News Staff. 55 years pass since 25 killed in Dale's Penthouse Restaurant blaze. WSFA 12 News, 7 Feb. 2022. Available at: https://www.wsfa.com/2022/02/07/monday-marks-55-years-since-25-killed-dales-penthouse-restaurant-blaze/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1970s
Pioneer Hotel Fire

Adams, Jaynie. The Pioneer Hotel Fire of 1970. Arizona Historical Society, 18 Dec. 2020. Available at: https://arizonahistoricalsociety.org/2020/12/18/the-pioneer-hotel-fire-of-1970/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Gressinger, James. Pioneer Hotel - The Fire that Destroyed Downtown Tucson. Southern Arizona Guide.com (2025). Available at: https://southernarizonaguide.com/pioneer-hotel/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire

Higgins, Amanda. Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire. Kentucky Historical Society (2025). Available at: https://explorekyhistory.ky.gov/items/show/519 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

University of Illinois. Major American Fires: Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign LibGuides, 25 April 2025. Available at: https://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=348303&p=2346974 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Coates House Hotel

KC Yesterday. The Story of the Deadliest Fire in KC History: The Coates House Hotel. KC Yesterday (2025). Available at: https://kcyesterday.com/articles/coates-house-hotel-fire (Accessed 27 September 2025).

KC History. The Worst Fire in Kansas City History. KC History Missouri Valley Special Collections (2025). Available at: https://kchistory.org/this-week-kc-history/worst-fire-kansas-city-history (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1980s
MGM Grand Fire

Best, Richard, et.al. Investigation Report on the MGM Grand Hotel Fire. National Fire Protection Association, 21 Nov. 1980. Available at: https://www.firefighternation.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/lasvegasmgmgrand.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Devlin, John. How the MGM Grand Fire Changed Fire Codes + Standards. Jensen Hughes, 19 Nov. 2021. Available at: https://www.jensenhughes.com/insights/how-the-mgm-grand-fire-changed-fire-codes-standards (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Stouffer’s Inn Fire

Bowens, Dan. Revisiting the deadly Stouffer's Inn fire of 1980 | The Tape Room. Fox5 New York, 2 Dec. 2019. Available at: https://www.fox5ny.com/news/revisiting-the-deadly-stouffers-inn-fire-of-1980-the-tape-room (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Stouffer's Inn Fire. Remembering the 26 lives lost on December 4, 1980. 1980 Stouffer's Inn Fire Memorial (2025). Available at: https://stouffersinnfire.com/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Whitehouse, Franklin. Families of Victims in Stouffer Inn Fire Win $48.5 Million. The New York Times, 25 May 1984. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/25/nyregion/families-of-victims-in-stouffer-inn-fire-win-48.5-million.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Brinley Inn Fire

Herman, Robin. Fears Raised About Hotels Like One Where 23 Died; Records to be Examined. The New York Times, 28 July 1980. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1980/07/28/archives/fears-raised-about-hotels-like-one-where-23-died-records-to-be.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Sullivan, Joseph F. New Hotel Rules Sought In Jersey to Contain Fires. The New York Times, 29 July 1980. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1980/07/29/archives/new-hotel-rules-sought-in-jersey-to-contain-fires-sprinkler-and.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Keansburg Nursing Home Fire

lornajarrettblanchard. 1981 - Jan 9, Beachview Rest Home (Sheltered Care Facility), Keansburg, NJ - 31. Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events (2025). Available at: https://www.usdeadlyevents.com/1981-jan-9-fire-beachview-rest-home-sheltered-care-facility-keansburg-nj-31/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

McFadden, Robert D. Fire Kills 20 at Home for Aged in New Jersey. The New York Times, 10 Jan. 1981. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/10/nyregion/fire-kills-20-at-home-for-aged-in-new-jersey.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Dupont Plaza Hotel Arson

ATF. National Response Team Responds Overseas. ATF.gov, 21 Mar. 2025. Available at: https://www.atf.gov/our-history/historical-articles/national-response-team-responds-overseas (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Dewey, Joseph. Dupont Plaza Hotel Fire. EBSCO, 2022. Available at: https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/law/dupont-plaza-hotel-fire (Accessed 27 September 2025).

1990s
Happy Land Social Club Fire

Gross, Jenny. The fire was the deadliest in New York City since 1990. The New York Times, 10 Jan. 2022. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/nyregion/happy-land-fire.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NIST. Happyland Social Club Fire New York 1990. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 29 Jan. 2025. Available at: https://www.nist.gov/el/happyland-social-club-fire-new-york-1990 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

New York Daily News. 15M For Happy Land Pain Victims' Kin Rip Court Decision. Daily News, 7 Jul 1995. Available at: https://www.nydailynews.com/1995/07/07/15m-for-happy-land-pain-victims-kin-rip-court-decision/ (Accessed 29 May 2026).

Hamlet Chicken Processing Plant Fire

Buckley, Bob. Remembering the Hamlet chicken plant fire. Fox8 News (Nexstar Media Group, Inc.), 19 Sept. 2022. Available at: https://myfox8.com/spotlight/buckley-report/remembering-the-hamlet-chicken-plant-fire/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Drescher, John. The Forgotten Lessons of the Hamlet Fire. the Assembly, 1 Sept. 2021. Available at: https://www.theassemblync.com/politics/the-forgotten-lessons-of-the-hamlet-fire/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

2000s
Station Nightclub Fire

FSRI. Remembering The Station Nightclub Fire: Twenty Years Later. UL Research Institutes Fire Safety Research Institute, 20 Feb. 2023. Available at: https://fsri.org/news/remembering-station-nightclub-fire-twenty-years-later (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NIST. The Station Nightclub Fire 2003. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 29 Jan. 2025. Available at: https://www.nist.gov/disaster-failure-studies/station-nightclub-fire-2003 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

2010s
Ghost Ship Warehouse Fire

DeBolt, David. 5 years after Oakland's deadliest fire: Ghost Ship 'frozen in time'. The Oaklandside, 2 Dec. 2021. Available at: https://oaklandside.org/2021/12/02/5-years-after-oaklands-deadliest-fire-ghost-ship-frozen-in-time/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Neuman, Scott. Man Sentenced In 2016 Ghost Ship Warehouse Fire In Oakland, Calif., That Killed 36. NPR, 9 Mar. 2021. Available at: https://www.npr.org/2021/03/09/975206741/man-sentenced-in-2016-ghost-ship-warehouse-fire-in-oakland-calif-that-killed-36 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Bronx Apartment Fire

Sullivan, C.J. 12 dead after fire sweeps through Bronx apartment building. New York Post, 28 Dec. 2017. Available at: https://nypost.com/2017/12/28/multiple-people-seriously-injured-as-fire-rips-through-bronx-building/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Tobias, Michael. New Fire Safety Bills Passed by the NYC Council in May 2018: A Brief Overview. Nearby Engineers (2025). Available at: https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/new-fire-safety-bills-passed-in-may-2018 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

2020s
Bronx Apartment Fire

Badger, Stephen G. NFPA Journal: Catastrophic Multiple-Death Fires and Explosions in the United States in 2022. NFPA, 12 Mar. 2024. Available at: https://www.nfpa.org/news-blogs-and-articles/nfpa-journal/2024/03/12/catastrophic-multiple-death-report (Accessed 27 September 2025).

See the last slide for sources.

Scroll or swipe across to see the slides.

a monochrome green graph showing 6 slices, one for each subject

Interior Design Degree

81 Hours

Fundamentals

20 Hours

Color Psychology, Programming, Space Planning, Interior Design History

Systems

18 Hours

Construction, Lighting, Heating & Cooling, Sustainability, Materials, Codes, Accessiblity

Graphics

14 Hours

Software, Drawing, Portfolios, Presentations

Professional Practice

6 Hours

Business, Ethics, Project Management, Internship

Commercial Projects

16 Hours

Healthcare, Offices, Retail, Hospitality; codes & regulations

Residential Projects

7 Hours

Kitchen & Bath, Universal Design

a monochrome green graph showing 6 slices, one for each subject

Architecture Degree

122 Hours

Fundamentals

28 Hours

Space & Form, Site Analysis, Architecture History

Systems

20 Hours

Structures, Urban Planning, Landscape, Building Envelope, Building Technology

Graphics

7 Hours

Freehand Drawing, Fabrication

Professional Practice

12 Hours

Business, Ethics, Project Management, Internship

Projects

45 Hours

Overall Form, Site Context, Urban Design, Thesis

Interior Design

10 Hours

Environmental Design, Sustainability, Materials, Construction, Egress, Accessibility, Color Theory, Building Systems (heating, cooling, lighting, acoustics)

a monochrome green graph showing 3 slices, one for professional practice, one for project management, and one for design

Interior Design Exam (NCIDQ)

3 Parts, 660 Minutes, 420 Questions

Project Management

67 Qs.

Project Process, Roles, & Coordination; FF&E Integration; Contract Administration

Professional Practice

25 Qs.

Professional Development, Business Practices, Ethics

Design

328 Qs.

Codes & Regulations, Human Behavior, Sustainability, Programming, Selections, Drawings, Construction, Building Systems

a monochrome green graph showing 4 slices, one for professional practice, one for project management, one for design, and one for overlap with interiors

Architecture Exam (ARE)

6 Parts, 1190 Minutes, 490 Questions

Project Management

162 Qs.

Project Costs & Budgeting, Construction Cost Estimates, Project Management Exam, Construction & Evaluation Exam

Professional Practice

59 Qs.

Practice Management Exam

Design

137 Qs.

Site Analysis, Land Use Codes, Whole Building Design & Related Codes, Selection of MEP and Structural Systems

Interior Design

132 Qs.

Regulations (Zoning, IBC, ADA), Building Analysis & Programming, Acoustics, Lighting, Interior Materials, Coordination with MEP & Structural, Construction Documents (change management, interior partitions)

Our Sources

Links to sources for each program and exam

Tap a topic to get started

Interior Design Programs
Selection of Schools

Amber Blog. 15 Best Interior Design Schools. Amber, 19 Sept. 2024. Available at: https://amberstudent.com/blog/post/15-best-interior-design-schools (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Chojecki, Kasia. Top 10 Interior Design Schools in the US. Planner 5D, 9 Aug. 2022. Available at: https://planner5d.com/blog/top-10-interior-design-schools-usa/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

LaScale, Margot. Top Interior Design Schools in the US. Design Manager (2025). Available at: https://www.designmanager.com/blog/top-interior-design-schools-in-the-us (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Robern Design Solutions. Explore the Top Interior Design Schools and Programs. Robern, 3 April 2023. Available at: https://www.robern.com/article/interior-design-schools (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Auburn University

Auburn University. Curriculum in Pre-Interior Design (INDX). Auburn University (2025). Available at: https://humsci.auburn.edu/academics/files/indx.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Auburn University. Department of Consumer and Design Sciences: Interior Design Degree Programs. Auburn University (2025). Available at: https://humsci.auburn.edu/interiordesign/degree.php (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Cornell University

Cornell University, College of Human Ecology. Design + Environmental Analysis. Cornell University (2025). Available at: https://www.human.cornell.edu/hcd/academics/undergraduate-study/design-and-environmental-analysis (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Cornell University, College of Human Ecology. 2024-25 Design + Environmental Analysis Curriculum Sheet. Cornell University (2025). Available at: https://human.cornell.edu/student-services/registrar/degree-progress/dea-24-25 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Drexel University

Drexel University. Interior Design. Drexel University (2025). Available at: https://drexel.edu/westphal/academics/undergraduate/INTR/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Drexel University. Interior Design BS. Drexel University (2025). Available at: https://catalog.drexel.edu/undergraduate/collegeofmediaartsanddesign/interiordesign/#degreerequirementsbstext (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Fashion Institute of Technology

FIT. Interior Design. Fashion Institute of Technology (2025). Available at: https://www.fitnyc.edu/academics/academic-divisions/art-and-design/interior-design/index.php (Accessed 27 September 2025).

FIT. Interior Design AAS Degree Program. Fashion Institute of Technology (2025). Available at: https://catalog.fitnyc.edu/undergraduate/majors/twoyearassociatedegreeprograms/interiordesignmajor/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

FIT. Interior Design BFA Degree Program. Fashion Institute of Technology (2025). Available at: https://catalog.fitnyc.edu/undergraduate/majors/baccalaureatedegreeprograms/interiordesignmajor/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Florida State University

FSU. Four-Year Curriculum I/D Major. Florida State University (2025). Available at: https://cfa.fsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ID-Four-Year-Curriculum-Incoming-Students-08.15.24.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2025).

FSU Fine Arts. Undergraduate Programs in Interior Architecture & Design. FSU (2025). Available at: https://interiordesign.fsu.edu/programs/interior-design/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Kansas State University

KSU. Course Catalog: Interior Design (BS). Kansas State University (2025). Available at: https://catalog.k-state.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=60&poid=22668 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

KSU. Interior Design Degree - Shape Your Future. Kansas State University (2025). Available at: https://www.k-state.edu/academics/majors-programs/interior-design-degree/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

New York School of Interior Design

NYSID. Bachelor of Fine Arts in Interior Design. New York School of Interior Design (2025). Available at: https://www.nysid.edu/bachelor-of-fine-arts-in-interior-design (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Pratt Institute

Pratt Institute. BFA Interior Design. Pratt Institute (2025). Available at: https://pratt-ug.catalog.prod.coursedog.com/programs/GzJ2tN5bz7gYQJv8SPSm (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Pratt Institute. Interior Design, BFA. Pratt Institute (2025). Available at: https://www.pratt.edu/design/interior-design/interior-design-bfa/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Syracuse University

Syracuse University. Course Catalog: Environmental and Interior Design, BFA. Syracuse University (2026). Available at: https://courses.syracuse.edu/preview_program.php?catoid=38&poid=19309&returnto=4788&redirect (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Syracuse University. Environmental and Interior Design B.F.A. Syracuse University (2025). Available at: https://www.syracuse.edu/academics/programs/environmental-interior-design/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

University of Cincinnati

University of Cincinnati. Interior Design. University of Cincinnati (2025). Available at https://webapps2.uc.edu/ecurriculum/DegreePrograms/Home/MajorMap/10817 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

University of Cincinnati. Interior Design BSID. University of Cincinnati (2025). Available at: https://daap.uc.edu/academic-programs/school-of-architecture-interior-design/interior-design/curriculum.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Architecture Programs
Selection of Schools

Hamilton, Alison. What Are the Best Architecture Schools in the US in 2024. Crimson, 8 Nov. 2024. Available at: https://www.crimsoneducation.org/us/blog/best-architecture-schools-in-the-us/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Hamilton, Alison. PPI2PASS.COM. Top Architecture Schools for 2024-2025. PPI, 9 Dec. 2024. Available at: https://ppi2pass.com/resources/are-exam/top-programs-for-architecture (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Sarikas, Christine. PPI2PASS.COM. The 11 Best Architecture Schools for Undergrads 2025. PrepScholar (2025). Available at: https://blog.prepscholar.com/best-architecture-schools-undergraduate (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Boston Architectural College

BAC. Bachelor of Architecture. Boston Architectural College (2025). Available at: https://the-bac.edu/academic-programs/bachelor-of-architecture (Accessed 27 September 2025).

BAC. Bachelor of Architecture. Bachelor of Architecture Curriculum. Boston Architectural College (2025). Available at: https://the-bac.edu/academic-programs/bachelor-of-architecture/bachelor-of-architecture-curriculum (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Cal Poly

Cal Poly. Bachelor of Architecture 2022-2026. California Polytechnic State University (2025). Available at: https://flowcharts.calpoly.edu/downloads/curric/22-26.Architecture.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Cal Poly. Architecture: Undergraduate Programs. California Polytechnic State University (2025). Available at: https://architecture.calpoly.edu/about/undergraduate (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Cal Poly. 2026-2028 Catalog: Architecture. California Polytechnic State University (2025). Available at: https://catalog.calpoly.edu/coursesaz/arch/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Cornell University

Cornell. Undergraduate Architecture Program. Cornell University (2025). Available at: https://aap.cornell.edu/academics/architecture/undergraduate (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Cornell University Registrar. Programs of Study: Architecture (BAR). Cornell University (2025). Available at: https://courses.cornell.edu/programs/architecture-barch/#curriculumtext (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Pennsylvania State University

PSU. Architecture, B.Arch. The Pennsylvania State University (2025). Available at: https://bulletins.psu.edu/undergraduate/colleges/arts-architecture/architecture-barch/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

PSU. Architecture, B.Arch. Architecture, B.Arch.: Degree Requirements. The Pennsylvania State University (2025). Available at: https://bulletins.psu.edu/undergraduate/colleges/arts-architecture/architecture-barch/#programrequirementstext (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Rice University

Rice. Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) Degree. Rice (2025). Available at: https://ga.rice.edu/programs-study/departments-programs/architecture/architecture/architecture-barch/#requirementstext (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Rice. Bachelor of Arts (BA) Degree with a Major in Architecture. Rice (2025). Available at: https://ga.rice.edu/programs-study/departments-programs/architecture/architecture/architecture-ba/#requirementstext (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Rhode Island School of Design

RISD. Architecture Bachelor's Program. Rhode Island School of Design (2025). Available at: https://www.risd.edu/academics/architecture/bachelors-program (Accessed 27 September 2025).

RISD. BARC.ARCH.150 - BArch in Architecture. Rhode Island School of Design (2025). Available at: https://risd.coursedog.com/programs/20b77bb926ea1000cad0860b368d0000 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

RISD. Courses. Rhode Island School of Design (2025). Available at: https://risd.coursedog.com/courses?career&page=1&cq=architecture (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Syracuse University

Syracuse University. Architecture B.Arch. Syracuse University (2025). Available at: https://www.syracuse.edu/academics/programs/architecture/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Syracuse University. Bachelor of Architecture Curriculum. Syracuse University (2025). Available at: https://soa.syr.edu/live/files/824-barch-curriculum-fall-2025-or-later (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Syracuse University. Catalog Search. Syracuse University (2025). Available at: https://courses.syracuse.edu/search_advanced.php (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Tulane University

Tulane. Bachelor of Architecture. Tulane School of Architecture and Built Environment (2025). Available at: https://architecture.tulane.edu/academics/architecture/barch (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Tulane. Bachelor of Architecture - B.Arch Undergraduate Professional Degree Program. Tulane School of Architecture and Built Environment (2025). Available at: https://tulane.app.box.com/s/0t4k57eg66n5x9oyytvcqvvwwz0npqa1 (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Tulane. Course Search. Tulane University (2025). Available at: https://catalog.tulane.edu/course-search/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

University of Notre Dame

ND. Office of the Registrar: Course Catalog. University of Notre Dame (2025). Available at: https://registrar.nd.edu/courses-classrooms/courses/course-catalog/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

ND. School of Architecture, Undergraduate Curriculum (Class of 2030). University of Notre Dame (2025). Available at: https://architecture.nd.edu/assets/620876/undergraduate_curriculum_2030.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2025).

ND. School of Architecture, Undergraduate Program. University of Notre Dame (2025). Available at: https://architecture.nd.edu/academics/undergraduate-program/ (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Virginia Tech University

VT. School of Architecture, Bachelor of Architecture. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (2025). Available at: https://arch.vt.edu/undergraduate/bachelor-of-architecture.html (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Interior Design Exam

CIDQ. NCIDQ Exam Study Resources. CIDQ / NCIDQ Exam (2025). Available at: https://www.cidq.org/study (Accessed 27 September 2025).

CIDQ. IDFX Interior Design Fundamentals Exam. CIDQ / NCIDQ Exam (2025). Available at: https://www.cidq.org/_files/ugd/0784c1_db232724506941b69fd9e9860e2f4dcd.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2025).

CIDQ. IDPX Interior Design Professional Exam. CIDQ / NCIDQ Exam (2025). Available at: https://www.cidq.org/_files/ugd/0784c1_5ea7c90e67c64fe4bee6a7eb6f379138.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2025).

CIDQ. PRAC Practicum Exam. CIDQ / NCIDQ Exam (2025). Available at: https://www.cidq.org/_files/ugd/0784c1_0c91281951bd42e289659c19687f41a4.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2025).

Architecture Exam

NCARB. ARE 5.0 Test Prep. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://www.ncarb.org/pass-the-are/prepare (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NCARB. ARE: Practice Management. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://www.ncarb.org/pass-the-are/prepare/practice-management (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NCARB. ARE: Project Management. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://www.ncarb.org/pass-the-are/prepare/project-management (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NCARB. ARE: Programming & Analysis. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://www.ncarb.org/pass-the-are/prepare/programming-analysis (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NCARB. ARE: Project Planning & Design. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://www.ncarb.org/pass-the-are/prepare/project-planning-design (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NCARB. ARE: Project Development & Documentation. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://www.ncarb.org/pass-the-are/prepare/project-development-documentation (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NCARB. ARE: Construction & Evaluation. NCARB (2025). Available at: https://www.ncarb.org/pass-the-are/prepare/construction-evaluation (Accessed 27 September 2025).

NCARB. Architect Registration Examination Guidelines. National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) (2025). Available at: https://www.ncarb.org/sites/default/files/ARE-5-Guidelines.pdf (Accessed 27 September 2025).

See the last slide for sources.

Scroll or swipe across to see the slides.

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Interior Design Title Legislation

States per Decade, 1980s to today

Voluntary

No regulation of the title interior designer.

Permitting

Legislation that states interior designers can stamp, sign, and submit their drawings for permit.

Restrictions

Varies by state but may include: no egress changes, architect oversight, square footages limits, certain occupancies, and types of non-loadbearing construction

Regulation

Regulation of the title Interior Designer.

Legislative Summary by State*

Select Your Region

Though we try to keep this information accurate, we are not lawyers. Please see our for more information.

Mid-Atlantic
Midwest
New England
Northwest
Southeast
Southwest
Alaska & Hawaii

*Last updated May 2026

Bill Details

State:

Current as of:

Type:

Board:

Exam:

Restrictions:

Exemptions:

Links:

See the last slide for State Lookup.

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Supporters

CA AB 1796 April 2026 Hearing

Interior Design

26 People

NCIDQ Credential (7), CID (3), NCIDQ Credential & CID (1), No Credential (15)

NOTE: "No credential" includes interior design / interior architecture students.

Architecture

9 People

Licensed Architect (1), Licensed Architect with NCIDQ credential (1), No Credential (7)

NOTE: "No credential" includes architecture students.

Other

9 People

Sales, Politics, Business (6) + Unconfirmed Industry (3)

a monochrome green graph showing 2 slices, one for interior design and one for other

Opponents

CA AB 1796 April 2026 Hearing

Interior Design

9 People

CID (4) + No credential (5)

NOTE: No students were identified.

Other

7 People

Legal, Politics, Business (5) + Unconfirmed Industry (2)

NOTE: AIA is in this group since the representative for AIA was not an architect.

April 21, 2026 hearing

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